There are many hurdles facing the long-term sustainability of the cocoa sector such as: widespread poverty, deforestation, gender inequality, child labor and forced labor.
- Low incomes and volatile pricing. This prevents farmers from investing in and developing their farms, continuing the cycle of poverty. Low incomes also fuel deforestation.
- Gender inequality. Women cocoa farmers in some producer countries often have limited access to resources and are discriminated against.
- Child labor has increased. According to the US Department of Labor, more than 1.5 million children aged five to 17 have been found to be working on cocoa farms in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana.
- Power in the chocolate industry is highly concentrated. That means cocoa farmers have little influence on the price they are paid for what they grow.
- The climate crisis is affecting cocoa farms. Unpredictable weather patterns, along with diseases and pests, are impacting cocoa production.
- Deforestation due to limited control over pricing and the need for cocoa. The industry's imbalance exacerbates environmental and economic strains for farmers.